Interracial Marriages As Phenomenon In Modern Society Essay

Interracial Marriages As Phenomenon In Modern Society - Essay Example Landry has spent five years with the African American husband who was her college fellow. After the divorce, she married the Caucasian husband and has been living with him for four years. When she reflects back upon the two experiences, she realizes that race was never a strong issue. Landry parted ways with her ex-husband because there was the communication gap between them and he was disloyal to her. Besides, they had issues related to money. Therefore, when Landry searched for a husband the second time, she placed more emphasis upon his commitment towards budget and his tendency to exchange views frequently and maintain loyalty to her in marriage than the race he belonged to. Landry spent twelve years as a single after her divorce. In those years, she spent time with numerous men from different ethnic origins. Having dated men of different professions and racial backgrounds, Landry reached the conclusion that two people’s resemblance in the level of intelligence, personal i nterests, aspirations, and values were much stronger determinants of their compatibility with each other than race could ever be. Landry has evaluated the potential advantages and disadvantages of interracial marriages in this article. Discussing the pros of interracial marriages, Landry first discusses personal growth. The successful marriage requires the partners to grow together with the passage of time. Marital partners can enhance their growth by sharing with each other and appreciating the challenges arising from their cultural and racial differences. Landry has noticed that her Caucasian husband’s behavior is changed for the better after marrying her. He has started to understand how people of color may feel like strangers in settings where the others don’t look like them. He had a new experience of going to church with an African American wife as a lone white man.

Sustainability And Energy Efficiency In Housing Essay

Sustainability And Energy Efficiency In Housing - Essay Example ceiling insulation; area of north-facing windows; floor insulation; amount of thermal mass; wall insulation, etc. (Healy, 2004) Traditional and current practice in relation to health and safety issues in energy efficient and sustainable housing Housing and health outcomes have been related for many years, but only recently this interrelation has acquired sufficient support through changing construction techniques. 'Housing sustains and supports human life and thus housing environments directly and indirectly impact on health, social support, absence of disease, quality of life and well-being'. (Givoni, 1976) This is why housing and energy-efficient sustainable housing should be looked at as one of the fundamental parts of the society as a whole. There has been conducted serious research as for the practices in housing and health outcomes. Promoting construction worker and home occupant health is a strong component of sustainable design. Sustaining the health of construction site workers involves choosing less-toxic material alternatives and providing worker training in specialized installation procedures. There are several strategies that are important for addressing the health of home occupants over the long term. These i nclude designs that provide for foundation radon venting in areas where radon is a concern. (Sunnikka, 2000) Energy-sufficient sustainable housing is the notion which includes the role of health of the future residents; for example, in the energy-efficient housing indoor temperatures are stabilized through the use of the adequate thermal mass (Williamson & Bennets, 2002), which ultimately leads to the decrease of the diseases which are directly connected with the rapid changes of temperatures (it is especially relevant... This essay stresses that the interrelation of housing, energy efficneicy, sustainability and health outocomes have acquired additional meaning in the recent years through understanding that the threats of energy and ecological crises should be reduced in every area possible. Housing has become the means of teaching people how to save finances through building and adjusting houses to energy-saving technologies, thus making the environment suitable for living. This paper makes a conclusion that many European and other countries have developed a number of policies in relation to energy efficiency in housing; making it state program and priority for the aims of general health improvements as well as with understanding that energy efficiency should be promoted at the state level to make it work effectively. Such policies include basic requirements to each type of construction and housing stage, starting with the siting of the house, finishing with the position of windows and level of wall and ceiling insulation. Design of sustainable houses is acquiring more popularity; despite stating that new houses are becoming less affordable, and energy saving technologies are too expensive to be implemented across all layers of society, it is understandable, that with the help of various state policies the realization of these aims will become real and will lead to the improved design of houses in general, as well as to higher energy efficiency which is achieved through following basic housing and construction requirements.

Bluefield health plan Essay Example for Free

Bluefield health plan Essay Arc Electric employees were opting for their health insurance plan. Arc Electric had expanded their workforce due to which more employees were enrolling for Bluefield’s health insurance plan for the benefits. But when Bluefield released that the utilization of their physician services had tremendously increased in the last 6 months because of which their profits were being affected, they had to find out the cause for this. Soon they realized that the main cause for the increase in the utilization of their physician services was the increase in the number of new employees who were opting for the health insurance plan. Exhibit 1 clearly shows that the number of Arc Electric employees using Bluefield’s Health insurance plan has increased from 3912 in July, 2006 to 4137 in August, 2006. Thus, in only one month the increase has been of 225 people, which is comparatively quite high. Also, in 2006, the total cost incurred by Arc Electric for inpatient and outpatient hospital services were 203425 and 182440 in July and 212250 and 180700 in August, and for surgical services were 101250 and 103400 in July and August. Thus, the total cost incurred for hospital services and surgical services were 487115 and 496350 in July and August. While on the other hand the total cost incurred by Arc Electric for visits to physician’s office was only 337900 and 391450 in July and August. Therefore we can see that the difference is almost of 147215 and 104900 in July and August. As Bluefield’s contract with Arc Electric was about to expire the next month, they had to renegotiate the terms in their contract with Arc Electric and request for an increase in their premium rate in order to maintain their profit. They had realized that the main reason for their erosion of profits was the increasing number of Arc Electric employees who had opted for their health insurance plan. But, Bluefield were also aware of the fact that during renegotiations if they tried to increase the fixed premium which they charged every employee of Arc Electric per month, then they may refuse to do anymore business with them and sign a contract with some other health insurance company. This, Bluefield was not ready to risk. Thus, Bluefield wanted the staff members and directors to devise a renegotiating strategy which they could present before Arc Electric and maintain their contract with them while at the same time see to it that their profitability remains at par. After much consideration and results from various studies, including Exhibit 1, the employees of Bluefield realized that simply by increasing their copayment charges they will not be able to bring about a decrease in the number of physician visits since people do not actually like to visit the physicians but rather do it in order to remain healthy and fit. The only way they can reduce their costs is by paying less to their health care providers, like the physicians. Thus, they first needed to negotiate with the physicians and ask them to decrease the costs of services supplied by them. If they simply asked the physicians to lower their cost of service by around 10% or 25% they might do it with the fear that they may loose all of their patients and also be left out of Bluefield’s health insurance plan. But this may have certain negative effects as in return of a lower fee per visit the physicians may also lessen the quality of care that they give to their clients. This is the reason why Bluefield required a further analysis of physicians visit. Out of the $250 fixed premium that Bluefield charged each employee of Arc Electric every month, the total premium revenue was portioned out as 55% for the hospital and surgical services and 30% for the physician visits. Thus while $137. 5 went for the hospital and surgical services only $75 went in for the physician visits. Thus for every premium collected, the profitability of hospital and surgical services was almost $62. 5 more than the profitability of the physician services. Thus, when compared to physician’s services, hospital and surgical services have a profitability of almost 45% more than the former.

Constant Pressure Calorimeter for Heat Capacity

Constant Pressure Calorimeter for Heat Capacity Kanwarpal Brar Purpose: To calibrate a constant pressure calorimeter and use it to determine the heats of the reaction and dissolution of different reactants and to use these heats of the reactions to find the enthalpy of a reaction by hess’s law. Analysis/ calculations: Determine the heat capacity of the coffee cup, Ccal in j*degC for all three trials and calculate the average value. Provide all these values in your report: provide full calculations only for trial . From table 1 Mass of 1.0 M NaOH solution used = 51.67g Mass of 1.0 M HCl solution used = 50.85g Total mass of final solution = 102.52g Initial temperature of reagents = 21.3 deg C Final temperature after neutralization = 27.8 deg C Heat absorbed by calorimeter q1 = C (heat capacity)*deltaT Heat abrorbed by soluction Q2 = heat capacity (C) *mass of the solution (m)*deltaT Heat released by neutralization reaction, Q3 = heat of reaction (delta H)*moles(n)/1mole In this reaction, Delta T=T2-T1 =27.8degC-21.3degC =6.5degC heat capacity of the solution, C=4.02J/g degC (given) mass of the solution, m = 102.52g heat of the reaction, ΔH = -57.3 KJ (given) = -57300 J HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) > H2O(l) + NaCl(aq) Because HCl and NaCl react 1:1, any one can be used as limiting reagent Molarity of HCl = 1.0 M Volume of HCl = 50.0 ml = 0.0500 L Therefore moles of HCl, n = molarity * volume = 1.0 mol/L * 0.0500 L = 0.0500 mol It is assumed that not heat is lost to surrounding ΔE system = 0 J ΔE system = q1 + q2 + q3 = 0J Q1 = -q2 – q3 C1 * ΔT = -(4.02 J/g degC * 102.52g * 6.5 deg C) – (-57300 J * 0.0500 mol/1 mol) C1 * ΔT = -2678.85 J + 2865 J C1 = 186.15 J/ ΔT C1 = 186.15 J/ 6.5 deg C C1 = 28.64 J/ deg C Trial 1 = 28.64 J/ deg C Trial 2 = 31.09 J/deg C Trial 3 = 29.48 J/deg C Average = 29.73 J/deg C Determine the overall heat of reaction per mole od calcium meatl for the addition of calcium metal. to 1.0 M HCl folloed by the addition of water and b) to water folloed by addition of 1.0 M HCl. In each case, treat the overall reaction as a single process, i.e. instead of determining a delta H value for each step, determine . mass of ca = 0.404 g molar mass of ca = 40.08 g/mol moles of ca, n = mass/molar mass = 0.404 g/ 40.08 g/mol = 0.0100 mol Mass of water used, m = 50.0 g (1ml = 1g) ΔT = Tfinal – Tinitial ΔT = 30.5 – 21.4 deg C = 9.1 deg C ( table 2) Heat of the reaction per mole = -(q of reaction – (Ccal * ΔT))/moles of meatal -(Cwater*m*water*detaT(0*ΔT) /n = -(4.184 J/ degC * 50 * 9.1 degC) /0.0100 mol = -1903.72 J/ 0.0100 mol = -190372 J/mole = -190.372 KJ/mole ΔH = -190.372 KJ/mole b) mass of ca = 0.403g molar mass of ca = 40.08 g/mole moles of ca = mass/ molar mass = 0.400 g/ 40.08 g/mole = 0.00998 mol Mass of water used = 50 g (1ml = 1 g) Temperature difference ΔT = Tfinal – Tinitial ΔT = 30.5 – 20.3 degC = 10.2 degC (table3) Heat of reaction per mole = -q of reaction – (Ccal*ΔT)/mole of metal = -(Cwater*mwater*ΔT-(0*ΔT)/n = -(4.184 J/g degC*50g*10.2 deg)/ 0.00998mole = -2133.84 J/ 0.00998mole = -213811.62 J/mole = -213.81 KJ/mole ΔH = -213.81 KJ/mole Determine deltaEdissolution in J (g salt) for the unknown salt for all three trials and calculate the average value. Provide all of these values in your report, provide full calculation only for trial 1. Unknown salt = C Mass of salt = 4.013g Mass of water = 100g Mass of solution after reaction = 100g + 4.013g = 104.013g ΔT = Tfinal – Tinitial = 27-19.9 degC = 7.1 degC ΔEdissolution = -q of reation = -m*C*ΔT = -4.184 J/g degC*104.013g*7.1 = -3089.85 J ΔEdissolution/g salt = -3089.85 J/4.013g = -769.96 J/g salt Trial 1 = -769.96 J/g salt Trial 2 = -769.87 J/g salt Trial 3 = -754.18 J/g salt Average = -764.67 J/g salt Determine deltaEdissolution in J (g salt) for six salts in table 1. Provide all of these values in your report, provide full calculation only for LiCl. ΔEdissolution = ΔElattice + ΔEcation hydration + ΔEanion hydration ΔEdissolution = 846 KJ/mol + (-506 KJ/mol) + (-377 KJ/mol) from table ΔEdissolution = -37 KJ/mol ΔEdissolution = -37000 J/mol Molar mass of LiCl = 42.39 J/mol ΔEdissolution/ g of salt = ΔEdissolution/ molar mass = -37000 J/mol/ 42.39 g/mol = -873 J/g salt ΔEdissolution for LiCl = -873 J/g salt ΔEdissolution of LiBr = -472 J/g salt ΔEdissolution of NaCl = 51.3 J/g salt ΔEdissolution of NaBr = 0 J/g salt ΔEdissolution of KCl = 228 J/g salt Discussion : In the experiment, a simple constant-pressure, coffee cup calorimeter was calibrated using an acid-base neutralization reaction. the calculated specific heat of calorimeter was then used to determine the heats of reactions and dissolutions of other chemical compounds. A simple constant pressure calorimeter was produced out of two styroform cups. The cups were covered with a plastic lid with a hole in centre. While erformiing the acid-base neutralization reaction, the temperature of both acid and base were measure using PH metre temperature probe. The temperature were about each other. When HCl was added to NaOH no visible change was observed while adding the acid. But the temperature of the soluction was rise after the acid was added. This showed that the reaction between HCl and NaOH was exothermic reaction. after that mass of the final solution was measured. The second objective was to find the heat of the reaction per mole of calcium metal, while following the hess’s law provided in the lab manual. This was done in two different trials. First the calcium metal was added to 50.0 ml of 1.0M HCl and then 50ml of water. When calcium was added to HCl it reacted vigorously creating bubbles. The highest temperature recorded was almost double the initial temperature. When water was added to this solution, no visible change was observed, but temperature was dropped by 10 degC. The overall process was still an exothermic reaction the heat of the reaction was calculated to be -190.372 KJ/mole In the second trial, the calcium was first added to water. This reaction was similar to the first one. Calcium reacted with the water vigorously. The temperature of the solution was increased showing that is was exothermic reaction. when HCl was added to this solution the temperature was dropped by 3.6 degC. Which was less than the first case. The heat of the raction waw calculated to be -213.81 KJ/mole. The closeness o fthe both results can be explained by the fact that heat of the reaction is a state function, and does not depend on the path of the reaction. this also increases the confidence in the result. The final objective of the reaction was to determine the heat of dissociation of the unknown salt, and thus find the unknown salt by comparing the heat of dissotiation to the heat dissolution of possible salts. This unknown salt code C was white powder form. When unknown salt was added to water, temperature raise by 7.1 degC. This reaction showed that this was a exothermic reaction. the average enthalpy of dissolution of the unknown salt C was calculated to be -764.67 J/g. This value of enthalpy of dissolution corresponded to the calculated value of Lithium chloride, LiCl. A number of experiment errors could have affected the data collected, which includes the accuracy and precission of the instruments used environment conditions. The graduated cylinder was used to measure liquids was accurate to only one decimal place, or could only round the value to .0 or to .5. the measuring balance used to weigh had had high accuracy up to three decimal place, dispite that there was difference in the total weigh of the soluction in all three trials. This shows that may be weighing machine was not accurate. it is also possible that when solution was shaked to mix the reactant some of the solution lost or may be was left over on the cover lid. Or into the walls of cups and glass container. While doing the experiment some liquid was spilled that could be that reason for the difference in the weight. The volume of the solution could be measured by burettes or pipetts for higher accuracy. Overall the results of the experiment calculations were really promising and confident based on the fact that they folled the theory of the experiment. Conclusion: A calorimeter was prepared. The heat capacity of calorimeter was calculated to be 29.73 J/deg C. The heat reaction calcium was found to be -190.372 KJ/mole and -213.81 KJ/mole, in the two trials. the unknown salt had -764.67 J/g salt. The unknown salt C was found to be Lithium chloride. Results of this experiment is promissign and confident. References: Olmsted, john 3; Williams, greg; burk Robert c. Chemistry, 1st Canadian ed; john Wiley and sons ltd: Mississauga, Canada, 2012, pp 511-550

A Brief look at the Physiological Basis and Neurological Effect of Brain Tumors :: Biology Essays Research Papers

A Brief look at the Physiological Basis and Neurological Effect of Brain Tumors I've always been interested in medicine, and more specifically, in surgery, but I never really knew which realm of surgery appealed to me the most. So I set out on a quest to find where my future in medicine may lay. I spent time with an orthopedic surgeon and loved the carpentry-like style of the trade, and I spent a week with a general surgeon and watched him fix hernias and cut out moles. But the surgery that struck me the hardest, and the one that I vowed to stay the furthest from, was neurosurgery. The idea of carefully manipulating someone's nervous system in order to give them back the most basic of physical abilities, that of control over one's body, was almost too much to handle. Of all the systems of the body, the nervous system seems to be the most delicate of all. Yet only now, in this class, do I realize the incredible balancing that goes on between so many different components to make the nervous system functional. Furthermore, any alteration to that balance can cause a host of serious problems that could render the nervous system as a whole, or even part of it, completely useless. Tumors are an excellent example of how the balance can be upset, and are one of the most well known of the afflictions to the brain. There are several different kinds of tumors that effect the brain, each is based on what kind or kinds of cells it developed from in the brain. The four main kinds of cells that are effected are astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells, and microglial. Tumors in each of these cell types are referred to as astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, microgliomas or primary nervous system lymphoma, and ependymomas. Although tumors can arise from these nervous system cells and others, approximately 65% of brain tumors are astrocytomas. The actual cause of any given tumor is difficult if not impossible to determine, but tumors are generally caused by one of or a combination of three things: radiation, chemicals, and viral agents. Tumors can also be caused during mistakes in DNA replication, but this accounts for a smaller incidence of brain tumors. These genetic alterations can often be harmless, resulting in the effected cell dying and being disposed of by the organism. But on occasion, the effected gene is one that is responsible for having a cell lie dormant , oncogenes, or one that is in place to regulate growth, tumor suppresser genes.

Tidal Energy Alleviating Mans Demand for Energy Essay -- Water Hydro

Tidal Energy Alleviating Man’s Demand for Energy ABSTRACT The demand for energy has increased rapidly, while its supply has continued to decrease rapidly. Inventors have only worsened the energy crisis by creating â€Å"energy savers† that run on fossil fuels. Yet, the answer is quite simple and lies in the ocean’s tides that can be used as a safer and alternative for energy. France has invented a tidal barrage that now powers 240,000 homes ten hours a day. Other countries are following France’s lead by beginning the construction of their own tidal barrages. However, the world still needs a longer lasting energy source. INTRODUCTION The demand for energy has increased rapidly, while its supply has continued to decrease rapidly. Inventors have created â€Å"energy savers† such as hybrid cars only worsening the problem with its increase in pollution and incredible energy consumption. Hybrid cars run on petroleum and electricity. Meanwhile, people desperately accept it as the Earth’s fossil fuels are rapidly consumed. Yet, the answer is quite simple and lies in the ocean’s tides that can be used as a safer and alternative for energy. The ocean’s tides run through tidal barrages in which turbines rapidly spin and transform low tides into energy. This energy does not pollute the atmosphere nor does it produce any greenhouse effects. Even though tidal barrages are expensive to build and maintain, they produce a lot of safe and free energy. Of course tidal barrages appear to be the ideal solution for the world’s energy crisis. However, tidal barrages effect the environment. Birds migrate away from tidal barrages in order to find ideal living conditions. Fish are caught and killed by the Tidal Energy 2 spinning turbines.... ...oduction to Ocean Energy. Retrieved July 20, 2005, from National Renewable Energy Laboratory Website: http://www.nrel.gov/clean_energy/ocean.html Economically Viable Energy from the World’s Oceans. Retrieved July 20, 2005, from Eco World Website: http://www.ecoworld.rog/water/articles/articles2.cfm?TID=334 Tidal Power. Retrieved July 20, 2005, from Energy Quest Website: http://www.energyquest.ca.gov/story/chapter14.html Tidal Power. Retrieved July 20, 2005, from Wikipedia Website: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_power Tidal Energy. Retrieved July 20, 2005 from Vision Engineer Website: http://www.visionengineer.com/env/tidal.shtml Ocean Tidal Technical FAQ. Retrieved August 1, 2005, from Poemsinc Website: http://www.poemsinc.org/FAQtidal.html, Technology. Retrieved August 2, 2005, form Marine Turbines Website: http://www.marineturbines.com/technical.htm

Assess the extent to which we can uncover Essay

Official crime statistics report crime levels have been reported to be steadily falling since 1995, although showing a slight increase in burglaries. These official statistics are released by the Home Office, and are collected from police records in the UK, these statistics are widely regarded to be a true and accurate measure of crime, despite evidence suggesting otherwise. Another way of recording crime is through self report studies, which although does give out some indication of crime levels, it is considered to be inaccurate due to the anonymity of those surveyed meaning there is a chance of exaggeration or lying. A more reliable source would perhaps be a victim survey such as the BCS, a large scale survey conducted in the UK, which enables victims to report crime. Criminologists have used these to try to decrease the amount of unknown or unrecorded crime. Yet again this gives those surveyed the cover of anonymity, which could result in exaggeration, underplaying the crime, or just lying. Not only is this but it is open to mistakes due to relying on the memories of its participants, which may mean the results are wrong. Also there is a problem in that victims are categorising the crimes themselves, and so it may exaggerate some forms of crime, making them out to be more or less serious. Studies found too that types of corporate crime tended to be ignored; due to there it is seen as ‘minor’ compared to assault for example. Sexual crimes also tend not to be reported; due to the stigma’s attached to them. Young people are too excluded from this survey, as only over 18’s participate, and so a large majority of the population is ignored, and this means that victims of on-going child abuse can’t report being a victim. This obviously is one explanation as to how these statistics cannot be relied on to be wholly reliable. One argument against official crime statistics is that they are a record of crime, which are recorded by police, rather than of crimes reported to police, minor crimes for example like petty theft or vandalism may not be thought of as serious enough to record and therefore would not be included in the report. Another type of crime which falls into this category is domestic violence; many of these crimes aren’t recorded, due to the fact that it is so difficult to point the finger of blame. This means that we do not see a true figure of crimes which the police are faced with, only the ones which they pursue further. This shows that it falls to the judgement of the police to choose what is deemed a ‘crime’ and what is to be followed up. It is also suggested that police will record more crimes at points of the year when they are not so busy, however at times that crimes rates are high, less ‘trivial’ crimes will be recorded, this is because it frees up officers for more ‘important’ duties, and saves the police force extra work on things they don’t see as worthwhile, furthermore officers will record crimes more, or more high profile crimes, if they are looking to boost their own career, they may record more `straightforward` crimes, so that they can solve more cases, and benefit from a promotion. Some crimes are recorded, but due to work loads of officers may later be removed from records and classified as ‘non-crimes’ in order to decrease heavy work schedules. A second problem with official crime statistics is that many crimes go unreported, particularly domestic violence and sexual abuse; this is due to the fact that the crimes are seen as `taboo` and carry labels of ‘shame’ and in some communities these issues are seen as the norm, in the past for example many people simply accepted domestic violence as a common part of marriage, and something that could be resolved by the couple themselves; an example of this would be the fact only recently has it been possible for a husband to be convicted of raping his wife. When the man is the victim of domestic violence too, or a child is being abused, the crimes often go unreported, due to the shame of telling, and fear of not being believed. Also minor crimes, in which the victim feels that it is not worth making a statement, they do not report it. Gang crimes often go unreported due to the fact that they tend to take the law into their own hands, rather than seek retribution from the state, they go out and seek it directly from the perpetrator themselves, often reciprocating with a similar act of violence, which they had previously been a victim of. This is because they see their method as more effective and brings with it a higher status than reporting the crime to the authorities does. Other reasons for not reporting the police include, being scared of the person who carried out the crime, a drug dealer beating up a drug addict who has not paid him would be an example of this, the crime may be reported to other authorities, like the council, medical boards etc. or it is thought that many people do not report crimes, due to anti-police feelings. It is a well known fact that only a very small percentage of rape cases actually make it to court, even smaller is chance of a conviction. It is for this reason that victims are often very reluctant to report the crime, as the process of giving evidence and standing up in court is highly stressful, and weighed against the fact that it is unlikely to secure a conviction; it may be altogether less painful to not report it.