Untitled Essay Example For Students

Untitled Essay Find amazing sales, clearances deals at MSN eShops Bargain Center Help MSN Home My MSNThursday, Jan 24 MSN Home | My MSN | Hotmail | Search | Shopping | Money | People ; Chat Click here to unveil the Volvo XC90Search the WebMSN ChannelsAutos 2002Multimedia Gallery, Car Creator, PricesBusinessCareersCity GuidesEntertainmentGamesHealthHouse ; HomeKidsLearning ; ResearchLove ; RelationshipsMusic ; RadioNewsTech ; GadgetsTravelValentines DayGifts for Her, For Him, JewelryWomenMy MSNVisit My MSN to get your Hotmail, stock quotes, local weather and more!SpotlightTry MSN Broadband: faster Internet, 2 months freeFeatured TodayeDietsA wealth of info from Americas premier online weight loss web siteADD eDietsto My MSN PageVideo: 2002 NAIAS coverage from DetroitDigital Garage: tips for winter road tripsGreat finance and lease offers on Volvo carsExploreAir TicketsAuctionsBuy BooksBuy FlowersBuy Music MoviesDownloadsHotel DealsInternet Access SpecialsLiquidations: Save $$Send MoneyWireless Upd atesMore We will write a custom essay on Untitled specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now PlayShare PhotosHear MusicFree GamesBroadband ShowcaseGreeting CardsHoroscopesPersonalsCartoonsChat RoomsInstant MessagingLottery ResultsMore FindStock QuotesYellow PagesWhite PagesOld FriendsPeople on MSNEncarta EncyclopediaTraffic UpdatesMaps DirectionsCalendarWeatherEvent TicketsFind a JobGet an ApartmentClassifiedsSports ScoresTV ListingsMore MSN WorldwideUS SpanishCanadaMexicoUKIndiaMore 10 in-demand job skillsTech, teaching more: How marketable are you? Today on MSNUS deficit threatEchinaceas allergy linkIs your TV a turn-off?Free bed of roses kitMarket valueDo slick ads work?Cut stock risks: 4 waysBest cheap lunch spotsRoad risk: Does your car pass the penny test?Inside the White House: See the real West WingTech Trends ToysWill your DVD player be obsolete soon?Telecom to reboundNew audio/video toysDisney game for PDAsFind your way fastTry new MSN MapPoint for driving directionsMSN Top Headlines more MSNBC NewsAmerican Taliban to hear chargesWSJ: Enron CEO resignsAmericans remain in war mindsetSlate: Opinion CommentaryHow to broadcast the terror trialsESPN SportsTyson apologizes for outburst sort ofPressure builds for NFLs final fourPlayers open to NFL expansion draftCNBC on MSN Money more Stock QuotesDatek | Ameritrade | ShareBuilder | CitibankName Last Change % Chg Dow 9,850.11 +119.15 +1.22% Nasdaq 1,955.63 +33.25 +1.73% SP 1,137.68 +9.50 +0.84% Quotes by SP , 20 min. delay Update Get Quote Market Report | News | Top 10 | Trading MSN Shopping more Todays Sales DealsEddie Bauer Sale on now Up to 70% off at OrvisInsulated travel cup20% off Dreamy Dog BedsWeekly camera specials12 storage essentialsWhats Hot Right NowSuperbowl Guide | Jewelry Watches | Flowers | Lingerie | Gift Advice MSN Specials more High-tech tubesSmart remotes, plasma screens more: See new TV trendsWhats new in 2002Take a diet weight-loss quizHow a penny can save your carThis Week on MSN10 best US ski resortsIs it Miller time in Salt Lake?MSN Links Resources more From MSNResource CenterTry MSN TVCalendar RemindersInternet access dealsGet an MSN CompanionMSN on your cell phoneMSN MessengerFree MSN ExplorerSet MSN as your HomepageFrom MicrosoftMicrosoft.comSmall Business ServicesWindows UpdateOffice ToolsPocket PCXbox.comOther ResourcesContact MSNGet Help with MSNAdvertise on MSNLocal ResourcesZIP Get local news, weather, and regional information for any city More Useful Everyday MSN Home | My MSN | Hotmail | Search | Shopping | Money | People Chat 2002 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Terms of Use Advertise TRUSTe Approved Privacy Statement GetNetWise

Browns Chemistry The Central Science,15.8 Exercise 1

Brown's Chemistry The Central Science,15.8 Exercise 1 SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips This posts contains aTeaching Explanation. You can buyChemistry: The Central Sciencehere. Why You Should Trust Me:I’m Dr. Fred Zhang, and I have a bachelor’s degree in math from Harvard. I’ve racked up hundreds and hundreds of hours of experienceworking withstudents from 5thgradethroughgraduate school, and I’m passionate about teaching. I’ve read the whole chapter of the text beforehand and spent a good amount of time thinking about what the best explanation is and what sort of solutions I would have wanted to see in the problem sets I assigned myself when I taught. Exercise: 15.8 Practice Exercise 1 Question: †¦ When 9.2g of frozen $N_2O_4$ is added to a .50L reaction vessel †¦ [What is the value of $K_c$] Part 1: Approaching the Problem The question is asking for an equilibrium constant ($K_c$). We want to know$K_c$. Generally, we can know the equilibrium constant ONLY IF we can figure out the equilibrium concentrations of the species (nitrous oxide and dinitrogen tetraoxide): $$K_c = [NO_2]^2/[N_2O_4]$$ Thus, the entire game to figuring out the equilibrium constant here is to figure out the equilibrium concentrations. We are already given that in equilibrium, the concentration of $[N_2O_4]$=.057 molar. So we have half the puzzle: $$K_c = [NO_2]^2/.057$$ The other half of the puzzle if figuring out the equilibrium concentration $[NO_2]$. Sadly, the question doesn’tjust give us this. But we have a piece of information nearly as good, which is the starting (initial) amount of$[N_2O_4]$. Because we know the reaction equation, thekey now is to go from initial amount of$[N_2O_4]$ to the final (equilibrium) concentration $[NO_2]$. Part 2: Converting Grams to Molar We are given that the reaction started out with 9.2g of $N_2O_4$ in a 0.50L reaction vessel. For equilibrium calculations, we generally want to know concentrations of types molecules, instead of actual mass or volume. We apply stoichiometry here and convert grams per liter to molarity using molar mass. We use the periodic table to look up the molar mass of$N_2O_4$ is 92.01 grams per mole. We get that: $$(9.2g N_2O_4)/(0.50L) *(1 mol)/(92.01 g N_2O_4) = (0.100mol)/L = 0.200 molar$$ Thus the initial concentration of$N_2O_4$is 0.200 molar, and written as [$N_2O_4$]=.200 Part 3: Running the Reaction Now that we know the starting concentration, we want to get to final concentrations. The algebraic equation that links the two is the equation of reaction: $$N_2O_4 (g) ↔ 2 NO_2 (g)$$ This means that for every molecule of$N_2O_4$ we get two molecules of $NO_2$. As the reaction goes forward, when$N_2O_4$ decreases by $x$ molar,$NO_2$ increases by $2x$ molar. The concentration table is then: $N_2O_4 (g)$ $2 NO_2 (g)$ Initial Concentration (M) 0.200 0 Change in Concentration (M) -x +2x Equilibrium Concentration (M) 0.200-x 2x Part 4: Calculating the Equilibrium We are given that the equilibrium concentration of[$N_2O_4$]=.057 molar. The concentration table above gives the equilibrium concentration of[$N_2O_4$]=0.200-x, so we just equate the two and solve for x. 0.200-x = 0.057 x = .143 Now that we know x, 2x = .268 Or that in equilibrium, $[NO_2]=.268$ To calculate the equilibrium constant Kc, we plug in the information above: $$K_c = [NO_2]^2/[N_2O_4]=.268^2/.057= 1.43$$ Therefore, the right answer is d) 1.4 Video Solution Get full textbook solutions for just $5/month. PrepScholar Solutions has step-by-step solutions that teach you critical concepts and help you ace your tests. With 1000+ top texts for math, science, physics, engineering, economics, and more, we cover all popular courses in the country, including Stewart's Calculus. Try a 7-day free trial to check it out.

Business Proposal Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Proposal - Research Paper Example Digital book reader and synthetic listening technology seeks to enter the market amidst tight economic barriers and market conditions that requires critical analysis of relevant economic analysis concepts that include market structure and the elasticity of demand. The firm is focused on delivering customer-focused product that will be considered affordable, efficient and reliable. In its bid to turn tables on the existing competition, it calculates its move in respect of the market structure in which it falls. This is seen to affect it’s pricing and the general non-pricing competitive strategy in the digital book reading and listening industry. Digital book reader and synthetic listening technology has relatively larger number of competitors. Some of the alternative firms in this industry include Amazon Inc., and other firms that can convert the printed word into audio. This firm will therefore fall in a monopolistic market structure where competition is significantly high. It seeks to differentiate its product by creating an authentic voice in audio conversion of the written text to the customer. Although there exists products that can also transform text to voice, they sound inhuman and this will give Digital book reader and synthetic listening technology an opportunity to create its own design and completely different experience to the user (Barclay, 2012). It differentiated product aspect will give it an upper hand in giving a price that is based on marginal cost. The increasing substitutes of similar products bring in the concept of elasticity that this product must consider. For instance, there are competing products that also convert textbook writings into digital audio form, which presents a close substitute to Digital book reader and synthetic listening technology. This means it will be operating in a highly elastic market where price changes carry significant consequences in terms of its

African american politic of social change Essay

African american politic of social change - Essay Example These factors include race and ethnicity, religion, gender, sexuality, class, age, migration status and disability or ability. Put simply, any inequality is never the product of a single, isolated factor. Rather it is the result of the intersections of various social factors, experiences, and power relations. This paper analyzes how two figures, namely Ida B. Wells and Amy Marcus, understood and utilized intersectionality as a lens through which to analyze events and as a political tool in the pursuit of the broader goals of their respective movements. The analysis is undertaken in the historical settings of their efforts. In addition, their specific events, writings, and actions are assessed as a way of conducting the analysis. Ida Bell Wells was an African-American woman who lived between July 1862and March 1931. In their career life, Wells worked as a journalist, a newspaper editor, a suffragist, a sociologist and as an initial leader in the civil rights movement. As a journalist, Wells documented the lynching of blacks in the United States (Bressey 1). They demonstrated that it was a way of controlling blacks who displayed opposition to whites in any sphere of life. The lynching was usually done on the pretext of rape charges (Logan 50). Being an active leader of the civil rights movement, Wells established many leading womens organizations across the United States. These included the National Association of Colored Women which Wells founded in 1896 and the Women’s Era Club. The latter became the first civic organization for black women. Moreover, Wells co-founded the National Afro-American Council. Wells was endowed with public speaking skills and spoke at several international civil rights even ts. The African-American Civil Rights Movement comprised several social movements across the United States. The goal of the movement was two-fold: first, the movement sought to bring to and end

Do International Marketing Strategies help Multinational Firms achieve Dissertation

Do International Marketing Strategies help Multinational Firms achieve competitive advantage - Dissertation Example The new development of globalization and multinational firms has created a gap in building a different framework for businesses that are working toward expansion at a global level. However, the demand to work into a new form of competition is continuing to create a different understanding of what is required for businesses that are looking for an established presence at an alternative level. The multinational presence that is currently a part of many businesses is one that has led to several new dimensions of conducting business through the internal and external environment. Politics, culture, social viewpoints and the economy are some of the dimensions that are causing businesses to change the approach of working into new regions of the world. This research will examine the model of Unilever, a multinational firm that has successfully established a reputation in Pakistan. The business will work as a microcosmic model that determines how businesses can create strategies, models and m arketing components that assist in meeting the needs of different regions of the globe. Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..6 1.1 Aims and Objectives†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..7 1.2 Statement Problem†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.8 1.3 Significance of the Study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.10 2.0 Literature Review†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.11 2.1 Emphasis of Globalization†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...11 2.2 Definition of International Strategies†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...13 2.3 Types of Marketing Strategies†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦14 2.4 Performance Measures of Culture†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...16 2.5 Political Performance Differences†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...19 2.6 Economic Performance†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦22 2.7 Current Factors in International Marketing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.27 3.0 Methodology†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦30 3.1 Timeline†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...33 3.2 Limitations of the Study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...35 4.0 Analysis and Results†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦37 4.1 Qualitative Resultsâ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...37 4.2 Quantiative Results†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..42 4.3 Analysis of Results†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..44 5.0 Future Research and Recommendations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..46 6.0 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...47 Bibliography†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..49 Index of Images Image 1  : Hofstede’s Dimensions of Culture†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.19 Image 2: Multi-tiered Strategy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...21 Image 3: Double – Helix Model†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦

Deep Transverse Frictions Tissue Injuries Health And Social Care Essay

Deep Transverse Frictions Tissue Injuries Health And Social Care Essay The purpose of this essay is to consider the merits of deep transverse frictions in the treatment of acute and chronic soft tissue injuries. To facilitate this I have considered a wide range of research that has been conducted into the use of frictions. I have also considered the use of alternative therapies in the treatment of similar conditions in order to evaluate the effectiveness of deep transverse frictions in comparison to each of the other treatment methods. What is deep transverse friction? Deep transverse friction was developed for the treatment of soft tissue lesions by the British osteopath Dr. James Cyriax who postulates that deep transverse friction is effective in the reduction of fibrosis and facilitates the formation of strong, pliable scar tissue at the site of healing injuries. Deep transverse friction, which is also known as cross-fibre frictioning (CFF), can help to alleviate build up of the crystalline deposits that can form between tendons and their sheaths and result in painful tendonitis. It can also help to offset the development of myofascial adhesions and soften those that are already present. Deep transverse frictions should be administered with a braced finger or thumb moving across the grain of the muscle, tendon or ligament with a deep, non-gliding, friction stroke. It is not necessary to use a lubricant as this reduces friction. The therapists thumb and the clients skin should move as one over the exact site of the lesion to create a mechanical effect on the tissue being treated. The massage must be applied directly over the site of the lesion and at right angles to the fibres, the stroke must also be wide enough to divide the fibres without skipping over them. The treatment can be painful, but should always be conducted within the pain tolerance threshold of the recipient, and should be started only with the informed consent of the client. It is contraindicated during the initial inflammatory stage of an acute injury. Deep transverse friction may be utilised in the treatment of both acute and chronic conditions. Its uses include; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ mobilisation of interstial fluid à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ reduction or modification of oedema à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ increase of local blood flow à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ decrease of muscle soreness and stiffness à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ moderation of pain à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ facilitation of relaxation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ prevention or elimination of adhesions (Wieting 2004). There are a variety of massage techniques that can have physiological, neurological and psychological effects. These can be used to reduce pain and the formation of adhesion, mobilise fluids, increase muscular relaxation, and increase vasodilatation (Wieting 2004). Mechanical pressure on soft tissues displaces fluid which then moves in the direction of least resistance. Movement of the practitioners hand creates a pressure gradient resulting in small amounts of fluid leaving the soft tissues and entering the venous or lymphatic systems, improving lymphatic flow (Wieting 2004). In addition to its mechanical effects, deep transverse friction (and other massage techniques) causes the release of histamine which has a superficial vasodilatory effect that assists in the washing out of metabolic waste products. A noticeable decrease in lactate occurs in massaged muscles which can be associated with reduced muscle spasm, increased endurance and force of contraction. (Cox, 2007) Other beneficial effects of massage include decreased blood viscosity and increased hematocrit levels. There is also an increase in circulating fibrinolytic compounds along with substances such as myoglobin, creatine kinase, dehydrogenase, and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase which probably represent local muscle cell leakage from the applied pressure. There is also release of endorphins and enkaphalin production (Wieting 2004). Impulses from the stimulation of superficial skeletal muscle fibres, cutaneous and spindle receptors reach the spinal cord and may produce segmental moderation and even somatovisceral reflex changes (Wieting 2004). The normal healing process may also be improved by the breaking of cross bridges, which will help to prevent abnormal scarring. The mechanical action of the technique causes hyperaemia and increased blood flow to the area (Brosseau et al 2002). In addition shearing stresses are created at tissue interfaces below the skin. e.g.dermis-fascia, fascia-muscle, muscle-bone interfaces, the deep pressure prevents shearing of superficial tissues and the shear force is directed at the deeper tissue surface interface (Wieting 2004). This helps release underlying adhesions and promotes improved circulation to the area (Lorenzo 2004). Sevier and Wilson (1999) describe vigorous cross friction massage for 5-10 minutes over the common extensor tendon perpendicular to underlying soft tissue structures in the treatment of lateral epicondylitis. Point friction may also be performed directly over the lateral eipcondyle and over the radial tunnel where it can be used in an attempt to reduce venous congestion at the extensor carpi radialis origin. This is a purely descriptive article of commonly used treatments for tennis elbow. No analysis of any evidence regarding the efficacy of any of these treatments is given. Disabella (2004) describes the use of friction massage in conjunction with ultrasound and/or electrical stimulation in the treatment of elbow and forearm overuse injuries. In a systematic review of the use of deep transverse friction massage in the treatment of tendonitis Brosseau et al (2002) found only 2 randomised controlled trials of sufficient quality. One of which looked at patients receiving treatment for iliotibial band friction syndrome and the other at tennis elbow. The outcomes of both studies suggest that transverse friction massage combined with other physiotherapy modalities does not significantly reduce tendonitis symptoms when compared to a control. However these studies were of small sample size making it difficult to draw conclusions regarding the benefits or not of treatment of iliotibial band friction syndrome or tennis elbow with transverse friction massage. The tennis elbow study looked at 9 sessions of transverse friction massage given over 5 weeks in combination with other physiotherapy modalities and in isolation. The comparison groups were as follows; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ deep transverse friction massage with therapeutic ultrasound and placebo ointment compared with therapeutic ultrasound and placebo ointment à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ deep transverse friction massage compared with phonophoresis alone No difference was found in pain relief, grip strength and functional status between the groups. This study used double blinding and a sound randomisation procedure but did not report withdrawals and dropouts (Brosseau et al 2002). Another study of lateral epicondylitis was carried out by Smidt et al (2002). 185 patients with lateral epicondylitis of at least 6 weeks were randomised using computer generated block randomisation to 6 weeks of treatment with steroid injection, physiotherapy or wait and see policy. The physiotherapy arm of the study consisted of 9 sessions of pulsed ultrasound, deep friction massage and an exercise program over 6 weeks. Outcome measures were general improvement, severity of main complaint, elbow disability, grip strength and pressure pain threshold. Prior to the main study a reproducibility study on 50 patients was carried out that demonstrated good intertester reliability for the research physiotherapists carrying out the outcome measures. Intention to treat analysis was used and at 6 weeks injection was significantly better than all other options on all outcome measures. There was a high recurrence rate in the injection group. The physiotherapy package (which included frictions) gave better long term outcomes than injection but was no better than wait and see policy. Interestingly the wait and see policy had better long term outcomes than injection and physiotherapy that included transverse friction. In a review article containing a summary of the evidence for the effectiveness of interventions for the management of tennis elbow Nimgade et. al (2005) used the Cochrane Collaboration guidelines to assess the quality of the evidence reviewed. The Cochrane guidelines have 11 score items for internal validity, 6 for external validity and 2 for statistical criteria. Thirty studies were reviewed and the quality scores awarded to each study varied between 2 and 9 (out of a possible 11). Eighteen of the studies scored between 6 and 11 points giving an indication of good quality. It appears that relative rest will eventually improve function but the use of early active interventions including steroid injection and physiotherapy modalities may speed up recovery. The physiotherapy interventions reviewed included exercise and ultrasound alone and in combination with friction massage. These authors concluded that, patients who need a rapid return to work or usual activities, may benefit from one or two steroid injections for pain relief in the first few weeks or months and physiotherapy (which may include friction massage) at any stage. Smidt et al (2003) carried out a review to evaluate physiotherapy interventions for lateral epicondylitis. This was a well conducted review that found only one RCT with acceptable validity showing exercises were significantly better than ultrasound plus friction massage. The authors therefore concluded there was insufficient evidence for the effectiveness for most interventions and there was weak evidence that ultrasound may have a beneficial effect. For the treatment of sub acute bicipital tendonitis Gonzalez (2004) recommended physical therapy involving soft tissue therapy with transverse gliding of the tendon and cross-friction massage. In the trial reviewed by Brosseeau et al (2002) involving patients with iliotibial band friction syndrome deep transverse friction massage was used in combination with rest, ice, stretching exercises and ultrasound and this was compared to a control group receiving rest, ice, stretching exercises and ultrasound only. No statistically significant difference was demonstrated in pain relief after 4 sessions of friction massage combined with the other modalities. There was however a clinically important difference in pain when running. This study was not double blinded but this is difficult to do where rehabilitation interventions are concerned and can result in trials of such modalities having consistently low methodological scores. However withdrawals and dropouts were reported which is good practice but there were problems with the randomisation procedure (Brosseau et al 2002). In a summary of aetiology, pathology and treatment of temporomandibular joint syndrome Berman (2004) suggest friction massage may help inactivate trigger points due to temporary ischemia and resultant hyperaemia produced by a firm cutaneous pressure. In addition small fibrous adhesions in the muscle formed as a result of surgery, injury, or prolonged restricted motion may be disrupted. Many studies have used subjective and non validated scales for pain measurement and the use of combined treatments causes difficulties when trying to evaluate treatment efficacy (Brosseau et al 2002). This can make comparison of outcomes between different trials particularly difficult. In studies where a lack of effect is demonstrated there are a number of variables that can contribute to this. These include characteristics of therapeutic application (experience of therapist, rate, rhythm and depth of technique application), population (age, sex, occupation, sports), disease (acute/chronic) and methodology (blinding, randomisation, validated outcome measures, sample sizes, comparison groups, massage only group to assess specific effects) (Brosseau et al 2002). Comments Conclusions Despite a lack of good quality evidence to recommend either its inclusion or exclusion transverse friction massage is a widely taught, and used, physiotherapy treatment in the management of muscle, ligament, tendon injury and pain. The majority of the literature found seems to review the usage of transverse friction massage in the treatment of tennis elbow. There is a lack of good quality, randomised, controlled trials testing the efficacy of transverse friction massage either in isolation or as part of management package. Many papers are descriptive in nature of transverse friction massage being used in conjunction with other modalities. The literature regarding mechanical, physiological, neurological effects and possible mechanisms of action is speculative which could be due to such trials being difficult to conduct.

One Event Changed Everything Essay -- Personal Narrative Writing

One Event Changed Everything â€Å"Our lives are not determined by what happens to us but by how we react to what happens, not by what life brings to us, but by the attitude we bring to life. A positive attitude causes a chain reaction of positive thoughts, events, and outcomes. It is a catalyst, a spark that creates extraordinary results.† -Anon. After living in a place I loved for eleven years, I did not think that I would be able to have the same feelings or emotions towards another place. I thought everything I had was where I had been for years, but I was wrong. If you go into something new with a good attitude and know that there is always something else out there, then it works out for the best. Moving to Reno, Nevada from Glendale, Arizona defines me and is significant to my life because it made me grow as a person and it made me who I am today. In the middle of junior year, my parents told me that we were moving to Reno for my dad’s new job. I said, â€Å"Okay, I will be living with Andri then, so I can graduate from Mountain Ridge?† Boy was I wrong. I thought that since I only had a year and a half left of school before graduating that they would let me stay at my brother and sister-in-law’s house so I could graduate with my friends. They had other plans for me. They decided that I should go with them so I could make new friends and start a new life, while keeping my friends from Arizona at the same time. So I went with it. I thought that maybe the change would be good for me. I also thought that I would have a chance at living my dream of becoming a high school cheerleader; something I did not get to pursue at my old high school because of the competition. So I went into the move with... ...great time anyway. After competition, the season was coming to an end. We had a couple of basketball games to go and then my dream would be over. The friends I met and the experiences I shared with them are never going to be forgotten. Graduation was next; a time when I would have to say goodbye to everyone that I had become close to. I had a blast the year and a half I spent in Reno. Like I said before, it was a life changing event that changed me for the better, made me the person I am today, and it defines me. I am a spirited, outgoing, athletic, strong, and a willing person. All of these characteristics I discovered about myself after moving away from the place and the friends I thought I would never be able to leave. There are millions of people and places out there, all you need to do is be willing to get out there and try something new.